ISLAMIC, Umayyad Caliphate. Lot of 3 AE Fulus of various types. 65-132 AH. 685-750 AD. Struck during the late 7th to early 8th century CE, these coins represent the first distinctly Islamic coinage, marking a departure from earlier Byzantine and Sassanian designs. The obverse and reverse of the coin bear inscriptions central to the Islamic faith: لا اله الا الله وحده ("There is no God but Allah") محمد رسول الله ("Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah") These inscriptions, also known as the Shahad, emphasize the monotheistic message of Islam and the role of Prophet Muhammad as its messenger. #1: 21mm 3.18g #2: 19mm 4.72g #3 18mm 4.11g The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) was the second Islamic caliphate, emerging after the Rashidun Caliphs. Established by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, it marked the first hereditary dynasty in Islamic history. With its capital in Damascus, the Umayyads expanded Islam's reach, extending their empire from Spain and North Africa to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. They fostered administrative and economic systems by adopting Byzantine and Persian practices, standardizing coinage, and promoting Arabic as the official language. Despite military and administrative successes, the Umayyads faced criticism for their aristocratic rule and alleged deviation from Islamic egalitarian ideals, sparking opposition from non-Arab Muslims (mawali) and Shia factions. Their rule ended in 750 with the Abbasid Revolution, but the Umayyad dynasty persisted in Al-Andalus, establishing the Emirate of Córdoba, later a caliphate, which became a center of culture and learning. The Umayyad legacy includes significant territorial expansion and the foundation for Islamic civilization’s global influence.