編號 94999056

已出售
瑪雅人 Terracotta 君主圖。西元 500-800 年。高度 13.5 公分。西班牙進口許可證。  (沒有保留價)
最終出價
€ 315
5 週前

瑪雅人 Terracotta 君主圖。西元 500-800 年。高度 13.5 公分。西班牙進口許可證。 (沒有保留價)

Dignatary Figure. Mayan, 500-800 AD. Terracotta. 13.5 cm height and 21.5 cm with the stand. PROVENANCE: Private collection Donald Wonder (1938 - 2023), California, United States of America. Acquired between 1981 and 1998 in different establishments such as: - Harmer Rooke Galleries, New York, United States of America. - Laurent Bermundez Primitive Arts, Berkeley, California, United States of America. - Mark Clark, San Francisco, California, United States of America. CONDITION: Good condition. DESCRIPTION: The Maya civilization extended over a large area, from present-day south-central Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras. The area has three distinct geographic regions—the mountains and highlands, the tropical jungle lowlands, and the lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula—each with its own landscape and natural resources. During the Classical Period, the Mayans lived in the highlands and lowlands, in which Tikal and Kaminaljuyú were their major population centers, respectively. The Mayan culture developed from earlier groups of village dwellers and farmers that lived the area and participated in the trade network. They also were influenced by groups living in what is now central Mexico, mainly the Olmecs. Around the 10th Century CE, lack of rain, ecological deterioration and social unrest resulted in the abandonment of the Mayan’s large urban centers. Later, groups of Mayan origin settled on the Yucatan Peninsula where they joined with other groups from central Mexico, mainly Toltecs, to build new civic and ceremonial centers such as Chichén Itza and Mayapán, which remained active until the arrival of the Spaniards in 1525. Today, the descendants of these ancient Mayans still live in the area that stretches from the Yucatán Peninsula to Honduras, where they continue their way of life, wear traditional clothing and speak the language handed down to them by this ancient American culture. The Mayan economy was based on slash-and-burn agriculture. They grew their crops in fields called milpas, using pointed sticks for sowing maize, squash, chili peppers, beans and other crops. They worked the land four months of the year, rotating their crops to prevent erosion. They also collected a wide range of wild fruits and vegetables, hunted wild animals, extracted honey from beehives and fished in rivers, lakes and the sea. As each region had its own set of natural resources, exchange played a central role in Mayan economies. The Mayans measured time and the movement of the earth and heavens using a base 20 number system. They produced two calendars. One was the solar calendar or haab, which had 365 days broken into 18 months of 20 days each, plus an additional five days. This calendar was used to regulate non-religious activities. The lunar calendar, called tzolkin, had 260 days and was used for religious purposes. The two calendars were used simultaneously, represented together on a wheel. The wheel itself had a 52-year cycle, after which time events were expected to repeat themselves. The legacy of the Olmecs allowed the Mayans to develop a writing system based on signs or glyphs, written in two columns and read from left to right and top to bottom. This writing system is found on the walls and staircases of important Mayan buildings, on their ceramics, and in codices made of deerskin or amate bark paper. The Mayans developed a unique artistic style with a degree of complexity that rivals that of European baroque. Their extremely life-like, anatomically proportionate human images are found in natural poses that emphasize movement. Their art represented sacred, ritual and hierarchical themes, although they also reproduced scenes from daily life and images of local fauna such as monkeys, tapirs, jaguars, bats, quetzal birds, fish and turtles. Stone was one of their favorite media, and they used it for their buildings, stelas, and the low- and high-relief sculptures that adorned their buildings. The Mayan’s architectural contributions include the stela-altar, the arch and the false vault. In addition to monumental art they also had a highly developed personal esthetic, manufacturing ear ornaments, pendants, necklaces, masks and other adornments out of jade. They deformed their craniums and noses and hung ornaments on their foreheads to make them squint-eyed. They decorated their pottery with painted and engraved images, producing some of the finest works of pre-Columbian art. Popular Mayan ceramic pieces included serving bowls, pipes and vases, the last of these often adorned with Mayan glyphs. Religion was a central aspect of Mayan culture. They believed in an earthly world and a supernatural one, an underworld and an overworld, viewing these as a single entity in which humans, deities, plants and animals were tied together by destiny. In living out these beliefs they made pilgrimages to the great Mayan civic and religious centers to obtain horoscopes and make offerings of blood from their fingertips, earlobes and tongues on altars erected in front of the carved stelas. The Mayans had an extensive pantheon of gods, the most notable of whom were the creator Hunab–Ku, and Ah Puc, the God of Night, who inhabited the underworld. They also worshipped the sun and moon, Venus, and other heavenly bodies, as well as natural phenomena such as rain, incarnated as the god Chaac. Other Mayan gods were patrons of specific social classes and trades. These include Kukulcán, the feathered serpent, who was associated with the ruling class, and Ek Chua, the patron of merchants and cacao producers. The Mayans believed that at death, depending on individual merit, they would go to eternal rest in one of the heavens under the leafy shade of the ceiba tree, or remain eternally tormented by hunger and cold in the dark underworld. Peasants were buried close to the huts in which they had died, whereas nobles were cremated and their ashes deposited in urns in underground vaults. Mayan rulers were laid to rest in temples built especially to house their tombs. Notes: - The piece includes authenticity certificate. - The piece includes Spanish Export License (Passport for European Union) - If the piece is destined outside the European Union a substitution of the export permit should be requested, can take between 1-2 weeks maximum. - The seller guarantees that he acquired this piece according to all national and international laws related to the ownership of cultural property. Provenance statement seen by Catawiki.

編號 94999056

已出售
瑪雅人 Terracotta 君主圖。西元 500-800 年。高度 13.5 公分。西班牙進口許可證。  (沒有保留價)

瑪雅人 Terracotta 君主圖。西元 500-800 年。高度 13.5 公分。西班牙進口許可證。 (沒有保留價)

君主圖。

瑪雅,西元 500-800 年。

陶土

高 13.5 厘米,含支架高 21.5 厘米。

來源:唐納德·旺德 (Donald Wonder)(1938 - 2023)私人收藏,美國加利福尼亞州。

1981 年至 1998 年間購自不同機構,如:

- 哈默魯克畫廊,紐約,美國。
- Laurent Bermundez Primitive Arts,美國加州柏克萊。
- 馬克克拉克 (Mark Clark),美國加州舊金山。

狀況:狀況良好。

描述:

瑪雅文明的範圍很廣,從今天的墨西哥中南部到瓜地馬拉和宏都拉斯。該地區擁有三個不同的地理區域——山脈和高地、熱帶叢林低地以及墨西哥灣和尤卡坦半島的低地——每個區域都有自己的景觀和自然資源。在古典時期,瑪雅人生活在高地和低地,蒂卡爾和卡米納爾胡尤分別是他們的主要人口中心。

瑪雅文化是由早期居住在該地區並參與貿易網絡的村民和農民群體發展而來的。他們也受到居住在現在的墨西哥中部的群體(主要是奧爾梅克人)的影響。大約在西元 10 世紀,缺乏雨水、生態惡化和社會動盪導致瑪雅人放棄了大型城市中心。後來,瑪雅人後裔定居在尤卡坦半島,他們與來自墨西哥中部的其他群體(主要是托爾特克人)一起建立了新的市政和禮儀中心,如奇琴伊察和瑪雅潘,這些中心一直活躍到 1525 年西班牙人到來。

玛雅经济基于 slash-and-burn 农业。他们在被称为 milpas 的田地里种植作物,使用尖锐的棍子播种玉米、南瓜、辣椒、豆类和其他作物。他们每年工作土地四个月,轮作作物以防止土壤侵蚀。他们还采集各种野生水果和蔬菜,猎捕野生动物,从蜂巢中提取蜂蜜,并在河流、湖泊和海洋中捕鱼。由于每个地区都有自己独特的自然资源,交换在玛雅经济中发挥了核心作用。玛雅人使用一种以20为基数的数字系统来测量时间以及地球和天空的运动。他们制作了两个日历。其中一个是太阳历或 haab,包含365天,分为18个月,每个月20天,外加五天。这个日历用于调节非宗教活动。另一个是叫做 tzolkin 的农历,有260天,用于宗教目的。这两个日历同时使用,在一个轮子上表示在一起。这个轮子本身有52年的周期,之后事件预计会重复。奥尔梅克人的遗产使玛雅人能够发展出一种基于符号或象形文字的书写系统,以两列书写,从左到右,从上到下阅读。这种书写系统出现在重要的玛雅建筑的墙壁和楼梯上,在他们的陶器上,以及用鹿皮或 amate 纸制造的古籍中。

瑪雅人發展了一種獨特的藝術風格,其複雜程度可與歐洲巴洛克風格相媲美。他們的人體圖像極為逼真、符合解剖學比例,呈現出強調運動的自然姿勢。他們的藝術代表了神聖、儀式和等級的主題,儘管他們也再現了日常生活場景和當地動物群的圖像,如猴子、賁、美洲虎、蝙蝠、綠咬鵑、魚和烏龜。石頭是他們最喜歡的媒介之一,他們將其用於建築物、石碑以及裝飾建築物的低浮雕和高浮雕雕塑。瑪雅人的建築貢獻包括石碑祭壇、拱門和假拱頂。除了紀念性藝術之外,他們還擁有高度發展的個人美學,並用玉石製造耳飾、吊墜、項鍊、面具和其他裝飾品。他們使頭蓋骨和鼻子變形,並在額頭上掛上飾物,使他們瞇起眼睛。

他們用繪畫和雕刻的圖像來裝飾陶器,創作出了一些前哥倫布時期最精美的藝術品。受歡迎的瑪雅陶瓷作品包括碗、煙鬥和花瓶,花瓶上常裝飾有瑪雅象形文字。

宗教是玛雅文化的核心方面。他们相信有一个尘世和超自然的世界,一个冥界和天界,将这些视为一个整体,人类、神灵、植物和动物命运相连。为了践行这些信仰,他们前往伟大的玛雅市民和宗教中心朝圣,以获得星象图,并在设立在雕刻石碑前的祭坛上献上来自指尖、耳垂和舌头的血祭。玛雅人拥有广泛的神祇体系,其中最著名的是创世神胡纳布·库和居住在冥界的夜神阿普克。他们还崇拜太阳和月亮、金星以及其他天体,还崇拜自然现象,如化身为神祇查克的雨。其他玛雅神祇则是特定社会阶层和行业的保护神,包括与统治阶级相关的羽蛇神库库尔坎和商人及可可生产者的保护神埃克·楚阿。玛雅人相信,死后根据个人的功德,他们将进入枝叶繁茂的西巴树下的某个天国安息,或在黑暗的冥界中遭受饥饿与寒冷的永恒折磨。农民被埋在他们去世的茅屋附近,而贵族则被火化,骨灰放置在地下墓穴的 urn 中。玛雅统治者安息在专门为其墓穴建造的庙宇中。





筆記:

- 作品附有真品證書。
该件包括西班牙出口许可证(欧盟护照) - 如果该件出口到欧盟之外,则应申请更换出口许可证,最多可能需要1-2周。
- 賣方保證其根據與文化財產所有權相關的所有國家和國際法律獲得此作品。 Catawiki 上看到了出處聲明。

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